Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects the lungs and can spread to other organs from the lungs. When an infected individual coughs, the bacteria can enter the air and infect nearby individuals. The mode of transmission for the M. Tuberculosis pathogen is the nasal route. The portal of entry for M. tuberculosis is nose.
Instead of spreading through surface-to-surface contact, M. tuberculosis spreads through the air and spread to other organ from the lung. the transmission by nasal route through the nose. M. tuberculosis-carrying droplet nuclei that are inhaled pass through the mouth, nose, upper respiratory tract, and bronchi before arriving at the lungs' alveoli. Transmission is the term for this.
Mycobacterium TB can grow in a somewhat acidic and possibly nutrient-restricted environment seen in the innate immune cell vacuoles of macrophages. Other mycobacterial species are exposed to acidic environments in aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
TB germs can harm the kidney, spine, and brain in addition to the lungs, which is where they usually attack. Not everyone exposed to TB germs becomes ill.
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen can combine to form monomers
called amino acids. Which type of macromolecule is made up of monomers
that are amino acids?
A. Lipid
OB. Nucleic acid
O C. Protein
D. Carbohydrate
Answer:
C. Protein
Amino acids are the simplest form of protein
The average depth of the oceans is about 4300 meters (m). Why do most of the marine organisms live in the top 200 m of the
ocean waters?
OO
Marine organisms thrive in high salinity, and the water near the surface has the highest salinity.
Marine organisms are healthier in the coldest waters, and the water near the surface is the coldest.
Many marine organisms are consumers living where food is abundant, and the water near the surface has many producers.
Many marine organisms better survive in water with a low pH, and the water near the surface has the lowest pH due to high
carbon dioxide levels.
Answer:
Option 1) Marine organisms thrive in high salinity, and the water near the surface has the highest salinity.
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Help! questions are in photo below!
From the above graph, "we predict that body mass is correlated with the level of corporation".
How is the body mass is correlated with the level of corporation?
The median estimated body-mass index is highly correlated with conventional measure of corruption. This result suggest that physical characteristics of politicians such as their body-mass index can be used as a variable for political corruption.
From graph 2, "increased body in government ministers may indicates higher corruption".
The most corrupt countries tend to have the most overweight polliticians. The countries conventionally rated least corrupt in the post-Soviet world are Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Georgia.
There might be a health benefit to political corruption- Higher obesity rates among top politicians but lower obesity rates in the general population. Relatively less corrupt countries have slimmer politicians but more overweight voters.
Hence from the above graphs, the minister's body-mass index is related to the level of corruption and increased body mass in government ministers may indicate higher corruption.
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What kind of crystal structure is quartz?
cubic
hexagonal
monoclinic
orthorhombic
Answer:
B : hexagonal
explanation:
it is on the interent
A frog cell normally has 26 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis?
13
26
46
52
Answer:
26 chromosomes.
Explanation:
Mitosis is basically cell division. Each of the resulting daughter cells would have the same number of chromosomes at the end as the original one.
Answer:
26
Explanation:
In mitosis the daughter cell will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, which is usually the diploid number. mitosis occurs for all other body cells. in this case the parent has 26 so the 2 daughter cells also have 26 chromosomes each.
in meiosis the daughter cells will have the haploid number or half the number of chromosomes than the parent cell. that means since the parent has 26 chromosomes, the 4 daughter cells will have 13 chromosomes each. meiosis occurs only for sex cells/gametes
A soft-bodied animal fossil dates back to 600 million years. A trilobite fossil dates back to 400 million years. A fern fossil dates back to 300 million years. All of these fossils were found in a single region. Which of the following statements is true?
a) All three fossils were likely found in the same rock layer.
b) The fern is most likely to be found in the lowest layer of rock.
c) The trilobite is most likely to be found in the lowest layer of rock.
d) The soft-bodied animal is most likely to be found in the lowest layer of rock.Answer: The soft-bodied animal is most likely to be found in the lowest layer of rock.
The lowest stratum of rock is where the soft-bodied animal is most likely to be discovered. Because it forms first, the lowest layer of rock is oldest. The layer on top is the youngest , and each layer above that is younger.
What is the name of the rock layers?Strata, the plural of the Latin term stratum, and is another name for rock layers, and stratigraphy is the study of strata.
The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks?When soil and other elements on the Earth's surface are eroded and eventually settle down, forming one layer of sediments, sedimentary rocks begin to form. New and more materials are degraded and deposit on the earlier layers as time goes on. Layer after layer is created as a result.
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all of the following are examples of natural selection except multiple choice the distribution of dark and light colored peppered moths in britain. a rise in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. the reduction in beak length of scarlet honeycreepers when they changed food sources. the 150 breeds of dogs developed from ancestral wolves. two of these are not examples of natural selection.
Developing 150 breeds of dogs from ancestral wolves is not an example of natural selection.
The process through which populations of living things adapt and change is known as natural selection. A population's members are naturally varied, which means that they are all distinctive in some ways. This variety indicates that some people have characteristics that are more environment-appropriate than others. People that possess advantageous qualities, or adapted traits, are more likely to live and procreate. The adaptable qualities are subsequently passed on to the next generation by these people. These beneficial characteristics spread across the population over time. Favorable features are passed down across generations as a result of natural selection. Natural selection may result in speciation, the process by which one species gives rise to another that is utterly separate.
Hence, survival of the fittest species take among population.
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.What germ layers ‘sandwich’ the body cavity in coelomates?
Answer:
In coelomates, the body cavity is surrounded by two germ layers: the mesoderm and the endoderm. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer, and it gives rise to the muscles, bones, blood, and other connective tissues. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer, and it gives rise to the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems. Together, these two germ layers form a "sandwich" around the body cavity, with the mesoderm on the outside and the endoderm on the inside.
Explanation:
What structures do plant cells contain
Answer: Plants have almost all of the same parts as an animal cell, namely:
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus (separated into nucleolus, nuclear membrane and nuclear pores)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth)
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Golgi Body.
Explanation: There are many structures plants contain. If there is and certain word, you're looking for check in the list of structures i gave to you. have a good day, and pls mark me brainiest!! :)
the vertebral column is composed of 33 bones before ____ ; some later fuse to form ____ separate bones.
The vertebral column is composed of 33 bones before fusing; some later fuse to form 26 separate bones.
The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is a long, flexible column of bones extending from the skull to the tailbone. It is made up of 33 vertebrae, separated into five sections: the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. In between each vertebra is a disc of cartilage that acts as a shock absorber, allowing the bones to move independently of one another.
The vertebral column also houses the spinal cord, which is a bundle of nerves that runs from the brain to the lower back. It is responsible for transmitting signals to and from the brain and body.
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Which is an example
of a behavioral
adaptation in
emperor penguins?
A. controlling their heart rates to slow down to use less
oxygen and go longer without food
B. huddling together in the winter and rotating to keep
warm this is the answer
C. the coloring of their bodies to camouflage in the water
An example of behavioral adaptation in emperor penguins is huddling together in the winter and rotating to keep warm (option B).
What is behavioral adaptation?Adaptation in biology is the process of change that an organism undergoes to be better suited to its environment.
Adaptation can be any of the following types:
Behavioural adaptation: These are responses made by an organism that help it to survive/reproduce in its environment. Physiological adaptation: This is a body process that helps an organism to survive/reproduce. Structural adaptation: This is a feature of an organism’s body that helps it to survive/reproduceTherefore, the huddling together of emperor penguins in the winter is an example of a behavioral adaptation.
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the long length, circular folds, villi, and microvilli of the small intestine offer a large surface area for absorption of ingested materials.
The intestines' circular folds provide a larger surface area for absorption while also slowing the movement of partially digested food down the intestines.
Villi, which resemble little fingers, cover their surface (singular, villus). Microvilli are found on each villus in turn.The majority of the circular mucous membrane folds in the small intestine extend transversely around the organ's cylinder for around one-half to two-thirds of its circumference. Some of them create full circles. Others move in a spiralling pattern. The latter typically wrap twice, sometimes sporadically three or four times, around the bowel.About 1 cm are the biggest folds. its widest point; nevertheless, the greater majority are smaller. Alternating between the larger and smaller folds.
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Of the Gram-negative bacilli listed below, which is motile with polar tufts of flagella and can produce yellow pigment?
A. Alcaligenes faecalis
B. Bordetella bronchiseptica
C. Burkholderia cepacia
D. Acinetobacter baumannii
The Gram-negative bacilli, Burkholderia cepacia is motile with polar tufts of flagella and can produce yellow.
Pigments are insoluble and are carried out no longer as solutions but as finely floor solid debris blended with a liquid. In trendy, the equal pigments are hired in oil- and water-based total paints, printing inks, and plastics. Pigments can be natural (i.e., incorporate carbon) or inorganic.
There are exclusive forms of pigments that are labeled based on their resources. organic pigments. The natural pigments are crafted from a number of herbal sources. Inorganic pigments. The inorganic pigments, also called synthetic pigments are derived from coal tars and a number of other forms of petrochemicals.
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what are protists, bacteria, and viruses and how we can see them? Which contains a nucleus
Answer:Unlike bacteria, protists' cells are eukaryotic. These organisms have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound structures in their cytoplasm. Protists are a diverse group that includes organisms with funguslike, animallike, or plantlike characteristics.
Explanation:pls mark me as brainleast
Why are mutations a source
of heritable variation?
A. Mutations are always neutral and
therefore don't contribute to
variations.
B. It creates changes in the DNA of an
individual that can be passed on. This is the answer
C. They cause a gamete to die due to a
change in DNA.
D. They cause changes to occur in the
environment around a species.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Why are mutations a source of heritable variation? Mutations are changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect but in many cases evolutionary change is based on the accumulation of many mutations.
Selected species have a short life span an early reproduction cycle
Answer:
True
Explanation:
An example of this would be the mayfly. They have a very short lifestyle and only live for 24 hours, there are some lucky ones that get to live for 2 days. The image below helps support this statement to be true.
The inheritance pattern for an autosomal dominant trait is shown in the pedigree. Shaded symbols represent individuals that express the dominant trait. (If the individual is not shaded, they carry the homozygous recessive trait of "aa".)
Based on this pedigree, the most likely genotypes of individuals I-1 and I-2 will be C. I-1: Aa I-2: aa.
What are genotypes?The type of variant present at a specific locus (i.e., location) in the genome is scored by what is known as a genotype. Symbols may be used to represent it.
An organism's genotype is made up of all of its genetic components.
The alleles or variations that an individual carries in a specific gene or genetic location are also referred to as the genotype. Based on the information, it should be noted that the correct option is C.
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The inheritance pattern for an autosomal dominant trait is shown in the pedigree. Shaded symbols represent individuals that express the dominant trait. Based on this pedigree, what are the most likely genotypes of individuals I-1 and I-2? I-1: aa I-2: Aa I-1: AA I-2: Aa I-1: Aa I-2: aa I-1: aa I-2: AA
which of the following is a normal physiologic change that occurs in the mother's respiratory system during pregnancy?
The option that is a normal physiologic change that occurs in the mother's respiratory system during pregnancy is option B) increased respiratory rate and decreased respiratory reserve
What are the physiological changes to the respiratory system during pregnancy?Although there is no change in the respiratory rate during pregnancy, the TV is turned up, which increases minute ventilation and causes the respiratory alkalosis.
Pregnancy causes a number of physiological changes in the mother, such as an increase in fat and total body water, a decrease in plasma protein concentrations, particularly albumin, an increase in blood volume, cardiac output, blood flow to the kidneys, and the uteroplacental unit, as well as a decrease in blood pressure
In conclusion, increased minute ventilation brought on by enhanced respiratory center sensitivity and drive, compensatory respiratory alkalosis, and limited expiratory reserve capacity are the main physiologic changes that happen during pregnancy.
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See full question below
Which of the following is a normal physiologic change that occurs in the mother's respiratory system during pregnancy?
A) decreased respiratory rate and increased minute volume
B) increased respiratory rate and decreased respiratory reserve
C) increased respiratory reserve and decreased oxygen demand
D) increased respiratory depth and decreased respiratory rate
5. Humans' effect on the environment, which includes a combination of what they consume and the waste they produce, is the definition for
A. environmental history.
B. ecological fingerprint.
C. ecological footprint.
D. sustainability.
Mark for review (Will be highlighted on the review page)
The Ecological Footprint measures the rate at which nature can absorb our waste and supply resources in comparison to the rate at which humans use up resources and produce waste.
What does the term "ecological footprint" represent in environmental science?
Simply explained, ecological footprint is a byproduct of human activity and is based on the quantity of biologically productive land and water required to produce the goods we use and to consume the waste we produce.
How important is the environment's role on achieving sustainable development?
An ecological footprint concept can be used as a sustainable development indicator to show how people or businesses are working to reduce their negative environmental consequences.
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match the types of receptors or terms with the most appropriate descriptions or functions. use each answer only once.
The sorts of receptors or terminology with the most relevant descriptions or functions serve as the stimulus action site.
What does a stimulus mean in biology?Whatever can cause a bodily or behavioral change is referred to as a stimulus. Stimuli is a plural form of stimulus. Both external and internal stimuli are possible. Your body's response to medication is an illustration of an external stimulus. Your vital signs altering as a result of a change in your body is an illustration of an internal stimulus.
What is an illustration of a stimulus-response?Example of a stimulus or a reaction: You immediately remove your hand from anything that is hot if you contact it by accident. Withdrawing your hand in response to the stimulus—the heat of a hot object—is your body's reaction.
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It has been observed (using an electron microscope) that when the red blood cells are sickled there are little spikes that puncture the plasma membrane. Predict how this will affect the functioning of sickled cells and their life span
Additionally, these sickle cells develop a hard and sticky coating that can hinder or delay blood flow.
How can red blood cells contribute to sickle cell disease?Red blood cells often have a disc shape and are malleable enough to pass readily through blood vessels. Your red blood cells are crescent- or "sickle"-shaped if you have sickle cell disease. These cells might restrict blood flow to the rest of your body since they are stiff and difficult to move.
What is the RBC morphology of sickle cell disease patients?Hemoglobin polymerization at low oxygen saturation of the blood causes the relatively stiff hemoglobin chains to distort, giving sickle cells their distinctive morphology.
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Which of the following is NOT true about
evolution?
A. it results from environmental changes
B. large populations are affected more than small
populations this is answer
C. individuals moving into or out of the population cause
evolution
D. it is necessary for a population to survive
For organotrophic and lithotrophic microbes, the two sources of electrons available for organisms are reduced organic compounds and ____
For organotrophic and lithotrophic microbes the two sources of electrons available for organisms are reduced organic compounds and reduced inorganic compounds.
Chemolithotrophs use various inorganic compounds as electron donors. The most common ones are hydrogen gas, sulfur compounds nitrogen compounds, and ferrous iron. It produces energy-reduced electron carriers and precursor molecules for cellular metabolism.
The most common terminal electron acceptors used during anaerobic respiration are nitrate and carbon dioxide, but metals and some organic molecules are also reduced. In anaerobic environments sulfates act as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to sulfides leading to both the formation of metal sulfides in sediments and the evolution of hydrogen sulfide gas.
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2. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown is
a. mitosis.
c. meiosis.
b.
d. dominance.
The process in the task given in the illustration above is mitosis.
The correct answer choice is option a.
What is meant by mitosis?Mitosis can simply be defined as a special type of cell and nuclear division which is concerned with the parent nucleus of a cell division to form two different daughter cells which has the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus too.
From the task given above, it is clearly given there that parents nucleus undergoes different phases of cell division to produce two daughter cells which are exactly like the parents nucleus.
In conclusion, we can now confirm from the above explanation that mitosis is a type of cell division .
The complete image is illustration attached.
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Check Your Understanding 12.1 Name 18 Where were the earliest likely anthropoid primates found, and from what epoch? 19 What two groups of primates Were found in the Fayum deposits of Egypt from the Oligocene? 20 The first hominoids appear in which epoch? (Hint: It is not the Miocene:) 21 What happened in the Miocene that allowed for emigration of early Miocene hominoids from the African continent into Europe and Asia? 22 Fill in the blanks below with names for six genera of Miocene hominoids and list the part of the world in which each was found: Fossil primate Where it was found
Africa has been home to early anthropoid primates since the Eocene Epoch.
The earliest anthropoid apes appeared as least in the late Eocene. There is disagreement over the anthropoids' ancestry, or the progenitor of monkeys and apes.
The majority of the early fossil material, which dates to the Eocene Epoch (about 56-34 mya), is discovered in North America and Europe, even though primates are assumed to have developed in Asia.
Eosimiids may also be known from the early Eocene of India, although middle Eocene deposits in China and Southeast Asia provide the greatest support for stem anthropoid origins. By the late Eocene, crown anthropoid skeletons were undoubtedly found in Africa.
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Jaguars are relatively uncommon even in areas where they have healthy populations, and they typically have very large home ranges. One of the densest concentrations of jaguars in the world can be found at Tortuguero National Park in Costa Rica, which is a large nesting area for several species of sea turtles. Jaguars are important predators of adult sea turtles when they come to lay their eggs and of the eggs themselves. Which of the below statements is true regarding this system?All of these
Jaguars are top predators which are always uncommon
Because of inefficiency in energy transfer between trophic levels, there is not enough food to support very dense jaguar populations in most habitats
Jaguars usually need to roam large distances in order to obtain enough food
The Tortuguero jaguar population is being supported in part by trophic levels in the ocean, rather than just on land
Jaguars typically have to travel great distances to find enough food.
Rather than merely on land, trophic levels in the ocean help to feed the Tortuguero jaguar population. In most ecosystems, food is insufficient to support particularly dense jaguar populations due to inefficiencies in energy transfer across trophic levels. In contrast to cheetahs and lions, which chase their prey throughout the night, jaguars stalk and ambush their ground-dwelling prey. Although they are capable of running fairly swiftly, Jaguars do not need this ability. They can kill their prey by penetrating the skull with their sharp teeth thanks to their strong jaw muscles.
Hence, Jaguars can kill their prey by penetrating the skull with their sharp .
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Assuming that protein synthesis was under way when the radioactive amino acids were added, which of the following best describes how the radioactivity was distributed in one of the first molecules of Protein X that was completely translated?A.Radioactive amino acids were randomly located throughout the molecule.B.Radioactive amino acids were located only at one end of the molecule.C.Radioactive amino acids were located at both ends, but not in the middle, of the molecule.D.Radioactive amino acids were located in the middle, but not at either end, of the molecule.Answer: B Since protein synthesis was already underway, the N terminal and probs the middle are already completed, so all the radioactive AAs will be at the one end.
The radioactivity distributed in one of the first molecules of Protein X that was completely translated Option B that is : Radioactive amino acids were located only at one end of the molecule
What are radio active amino acids ?Aspartic acid, alanine, and lower quantities of 3- and 4-carbon amino acids were the radioactive amino acids that were found. This result, along with the complete lack of radioactive glutamic acid, supports the CO-sub 2 reduction mechanism that laboratory members had previously proposed.
Polyatomic molecules make up amino acids. The amino acid will be radioactive if one or more of these atoms are.
Prior to the insertion of radioactive amino acids, the majority of the N-terminal end and likely the middle portion of the protein were already produced because translation had already begun.
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11. What would happen if a mutation occurred but it still coded for the correct amino acid?
Answer: If a mutation occurred in a DNA sequence but it still coded for the correct amino acid, the overall function of the protein that the gene encodes would likely not be affected.
Explanation: This is because the genetic code is redundant, meaning that multiple different DNA sequences can code for the same amino acid. However, it is also possible that the mutation could affect the function of the protein in other ways, such as by changing its structure or the way it interacts with other molecules. It's also worth noting that not all mutations have a significant effect on the organism, and some may even be beneficial.
What is the waste product
produced in a chloroplast during
photosynthesis?
A. sugar
B. oxygen
C. salts
Which of the following statements are true of Moons in our solar system?
a. are spherical
b. Made of Gas
c. Orbit planets, dwarf planets and even some asteroids in out solar system
d. Made of ice or rock
Answer:
Option (C)
Explanation:
Moons – also known as natural satellites – orbit planets and asteroids in our solar system. Earth has one moon, and there are more than 200 moons in our solar system. Most of the major planets – all except Mercury and Venus – have moons.
Answer:
c
Explanation:
it just made more sense then the others