Answer:
c) It has more nitrogen than oxygen.
Explanation:
Our Earth’s atmosphere has more nitrogen (78%) than oxygen (21%). Hence, the option (c) is the correct answer.
Answer:
C. It has more nitrogen than oxygen.
Explanation:
Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other gases. These gases are found in layers (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere).
Q6. A crane lifts a load weighing
3000N through a height of 5m in
10s. What is the power of the
crane?
Answer:
Crane power 1 500 Watt
Explanation:
Given:
F = 3000 N - Cargo weigh
H = 5 m - Height
t = 10 s - Time
___________
P - ? Crane power
Work done by crane:
A = F·H = 3000·5 = 15 000 J
Crane power:
P = A / t = 15 000 / 10 = 1 500 W
8. Scarlet Skydiver, who has a mass of 60 kg, jumps from a stationary helicopter. What is the net force on her as she
emerges from the helicopter?
The net force on her as she emerges from the helicopter 588 N.
What is force?
A force is an effect that can alter an object's motion according to physics. An object with mass can change its velocity, or accelerate, as a result of a force. An obvious way to describe force is as a push or a pull. A force is a vector quantity since it has both magnitude and direction.
The gravitational constant, denoted by the capital letter G, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.
The net force on her as she emerges from the helicopter 588 N.
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A projectile fired from ground level with a speed of 20ms-¹ just missed the top of a pole 5.2m high.calculate the angle of projection with the respect to the ground [g=10ms-²]
Answer:
Explanation:
Given:
V₀ = 20 m/s
H = 5.2 m
g = 10 m/s²
___________
α - ?
H = V₀²·(sin α)² / (2·g)
V₀²·(sin α)² = 2·g·H
(sin α)² = 2·g·H / V₀²
sin α = √ (2·g·H) / V₀
sin α = √ (2·10·5.2) / 20 ≈ 0.5
α = 30°
An airplane accelerated uniformly from rest at the rate of 5. 0 m/s2 south for 14 s. What final velocity did it attain?.
The final velocity of the airplane is 70 m/s.
Velocity is the directional velocity of an object in movement as a demonstration of its price of exchange in function as found from a specific body of reference and as measured by using a specific well-known time.
Speed is the time fee at which an item is shifting along a direction, at the same time as velocity is the rate and route of an object's movement. placed any other way, speed is a scalar cost, whilst pace is a vector.
Speed is the velocity at which something moves in a selected course. for example as the velocity of a car traveling north on a highway, or the velocity at a rocket travels after launching. In the scalar manner, the absolute price value of the rate vector is continually the velocity of the motion.
Calculation:-
v = u + at
= 0 + 5 × 14
= 70 m/s
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Consider a level flight turn of a propeller-driven airplane in which the airplane makes a complete circular turn in 1.8 min. If the plane's speed is 160 m/s, what is the radius of the circle? What is the centripetal acceleration of the plane?
1. The radius of the circle is 2758.6 m
2. The centripetal acceleration of the plane is 9.28 m/s²
1. How do I determin the radius of the circle?
To obtain the radius, we'll begin by obtaining the angular velocity. This can be obtained a follow:
Period (T) = 1.8 mins = 1.8 × 60 = 108 sPi (π) = 3.14Angular velocity (ω) =?ω = 2π/ T
ω = (2 × 3.14) / 108
ω = 0.058 rad/s
Finally, we shall determine the radius. This is shown below:
Velocity (v) = 160 m/sAngular velocity (ω) = 0.058 rad/sRadius (r) =?r = v / ω
r = 160 / 0.058
r = 2758.6 m
Thus, the radius is 2758.6 m
2. How do I determine the centripetal acceleration?
The centripetal acceleration can be obtained as illustrated below:
Velocity (v) = 160 m/sRadius (r) = 2758.6 mCentripetal acceleration =?Centripetal acceleration = v² / r
Centripetal acceleration = (160)² / 2758.6
Centripetal acceleration = 9.28 m/s²
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ow much energy is needed to change the temperature of 50.0 g of water by 15.0oc? (specific heat of water
50.0 g of water will require 3135 Joules energy is needed to change temperature by 15.0 C .
mass is 50 g
temperature is 15
Q=mC8ΔT
where,
m is mass of substance
C8=4.18 jouls /g
Q=50*4.18*15
Q=3135 J
The temperature is a numerical indicator of how cold or hot something is. One can measure temperature by using a thermometer. The calibration of thermometers involves using various temperature scales, which historically defined them using various reference points and thermometric materials. Several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius, can be used to express temperature, which is a unit of measurement. A hotter body (one with a higher temperature) will spontaneously move heat energy in the opposite direction to a cold body, as shown by temperature. the level of heat or cold in a body or environment the sensation of coldness or heat.
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is there a net force on th eloop of wire from the magnetic field interacting with the current segments?
The magnetic field's interaction with the current segments does not result in any net force being applied to the wire's elope. A force is an influence that has the power to change how a body moves.
An electric charge, an electric current, and magnetic field's are all affected magnetically by a magnetic field, which is a vector field. A force perpendicular to the magnetic field and its own velocity acts on a moving charge in a magnetic field.
An influence that can alter an object's motion is called a force. A force can cause an object with mass to change its velocity, or accelerate (for example, moving from a state of rest).
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a) state the null and the alternate hypothesis in complete statements for the current context. b) is there a significant linear relationship between the variables? explain your reasoning.
The independent variables of measuring physical properties are given below -
What is physical properties?
A physical properties in any property that is measurable, whose value describe a state of physical system.
The changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its changes between the momentary that state of
Physical properties are often referred to as observables.
They are not modal properties.
Any variable that can be attributed a value without attributes a value to any to any other variables is called independent variables.
It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by other variables you are trying to measure.
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An electric kettle has a power rating of 2000W. It takes 90 seconds to heat 500g water from 20 degree celsius to boiling. Use this information to calculate approximate value for the specific heat capacity of water.
The approximate value for the specific heat capacity of water. is 4.2857 CGS unit.
What is specific heat capacity?The quantity of heat energy needed to raise a substance's temperature per unit of mass is known as specific heat capacity. A material's specific heat capacity is a physical characteristic. Since its value is inversely correlated with the size of the system under study, it is also an illustration of an extended feature.
An electric kettle has a power rating of 2000W means the kettle consumes 2000 joule in one second.
So, In 90 seconds, it provide heat = 2000×90 joule
= 180000 joule
= 42857 calorie.
To heat 500g water from 20 degree Celsius to boiling, heat required = 500×s×20 caloric
=10000s caloric.
Where, s = specific heat of water.
So,
10000s = 42857
⇒ s = 4.2857.
Use this information to calculate approximate value for the specific heat capacity of water. is 4.2857 CGS unit.
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the purpose of this lab is to determine the amounts of potential and kinetic energy of a marble at various points on a roller coaster
The amount of potential electricity saved inside the marble decreases while its kinetic strength will increase.
In physics, the kinetic energy of an item is the electricity that it possesses because of its movement. it's far defined because the paintings needed to boost up a body of a given mass from relaxation to its said pace. Having received this electricity throughout its acceleration, the frame keeps this kinetic power except its speed changes.
Kinetic energy is a shape of energy that an object or a particle has by means of purpose of its motion. If work, which transfers strength, is carried out on an item by applying a net pressure, the object accelerates and thereby gains kinetic electricity.
Electric kinetic power truly explains the transit of the electrical electricity itself, power. as an instance, the electrical contemporary that includes the charge from a battery to the mild bulb is kinetic electricity.
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Two objects in a closed system collide while moving directly toward each other. Each has a mass of 1. 00 kg and is moving at 1. 80 m/s. What is the total momentum after the collision?.
The total momentum after the collision is 1.80 kgm/s
Since we are provided with the mass of both the objects which is 1. 00 kg and there were moving towards each other before Collison under a closed system with the velocity of 1. 80 m/s.
Since the momentum of an object is the magnitude of there mass imotion, the formula for calculating momentum is = mass * velocity
So, the momentum of the objects before collisions are = 1 kg *1. 80 m/s
= 1.80 kgm/s ,. when two objects collide in a closed system, the total energy of the two objects before the collision is the same as the entire momentum of the two objects after the collision. The momentum of each object may change, but the entire momentum must stay the same.So the momentum after the collision is 1.80 kgm/s
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Answer: The correct answer is 0.00 kg · m/s.
Explanation:
Infrared light waves are the closest or farthest in wavelength to visible light?.
4. Use your research to explain whether the observations of your windmill
relate to current, real-world advances in windmill technology. Describe the
problems with windmill technology and how engineers have solved them.
Provide specific real-world examples of where new windmill technology is
being used.
Answer:
windmill, device for tapping the energy of the wind by means of sails mounted on a rotating shaft. The sails are mounted at an angle or are given a slight twist so that the force of wind against them is divided into two components, one of which, in the plane of the sails, imparts rotation.
Explanation:
The use of windmills was increasingly widespread in Europe from the 12th century until the early 19th century. Their slow decline, because of the development of steam power, lasted for a further 100 years. Their rapid demise began following World War I with the development of the internal-combustion engine and the spread of electric power; from that time on, however, electrical generation by wind power has served as the subject of more and more experiments
To work efficiently, the sails of a windmill must face squarely into the wind, and in the early mills the turning of the post-mill body, or the tower-mill cap, was done by hand by means of a long tailpole stretching down to the ground. In 1745 Edmund Lee in England invented the automatic fantail. This consists of a set of five to eight smaller vanes mounted on the tailpole or the ladder of a post mill at right angles to the sails and connected by gearing to wheels running on a track around the mill
The most important use of the windmill was for grinding grain. In certain areas its uses in land drainage and water pumping were equally important. The windmill has been used as a source of electrical power since P. La Cour’s mill, built in Denmark in 1890 with patent sails and twin fantails on a steel tower. Interest in the use of windmills for the generation of electric power, on both single-user and commercial scales, revived in the 1970s.
when a thick lamp filament and a thin lamp filament are connected in parallel, which has the greater voltage drop?
A thick filament will draw more current than a tiny wire linked across the same potential difference because it has lower resistance.
The voltage drop across each bulb is 6.0 V when the light bulbs are linked in parallel, and they all glow as the current passing through them combines to generate the current flowing through the battery. It is accurate to say that a battery experiences more electrical resistance than the resistance when two bulbs are linked in series.
A filament lamp's resistance rises as the potential difference widens because the filament gets hotter. The current is produced by the flow of electrons, which also causes the atoms inside the filament to vibrate more rapidly, which causes the filament to heat up.
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which of the following (with specific heat capacity provided) would show the smallest temperature change upon gaining 200.0 j of heat? which of the following (with specific heat capacity provided) would show the smallest temperature change upon gaining 200.0 j of heat? 50.0 g fe, cfe
Cu = 0.385 J/gC, show smallest temperature change upon gaining 200 J.
Calculation:-
50.0 g Cu , Cu = 0.385 J/gC, will show the smallest change in temperature.
Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius.
In A temperature change = (50 × 0.903)/ 200 = 0.22575 °C
In B temperature change = (50 × 0.385)/200 = 0.09625 °C,
Therefore, 50.0 g Cu , Cu = 0.385 J/gC, will show the smallest change in temperature.
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Disclaimer:- Your question is incomplrte, please see below for complete question.
which of the following (with specific heat capacity provided) would show the smallest temperature change upon gaining 200.0 j of heat? which of the following (with specific heat capacity provided) would show the smallest temperature change upon gaining 200.0 j of heat?
a. 50.0 g fe,
b. 0.385 J/gC
c. both
d. none
Particles q1 = -20.5 MC, 92 = -9.30 MC, and
93 = -31.6.0 MC are in a line. Particles q1 and q2 are
separated by 0.980 m and particles 92 and 93 are separated by 0.750 m. What is the net force on particle 92?
The magnitude of the net force on particle Q₂ is 6.487 x 10⁶ N.
What is the net force on particle Q₂?
The net force on particle Q₂ is obtained by applying Coulomb's law of electrostatic force.
Force between Q₁ and Q₂;
F₁₂ = kq₁q₂/r²
where;
k is Coulomb's constantr is the distance between q₁ and q₂q represent chargesF₁₂ = (9 x 10⁹ x 20.5 x 10⁻³ x 9.3 x 10⁻³)/(0.98)²
F₁₂ = 1.787 x 10⁶ N
Force between Q₂ and Q₃;
F₂₃ = kq₂q₃/r²
F₂₃ = (9 x 10⁹ x 9.3 x 10⁻³ x 31.6 x 10⁻³)/(0.75)²
F₂₃ = 4.7 x 10⁶ N
The net force on particle Q₂;
F(net) = F₁₂ + F₂₃
F(net) = 1.787 x 10⁶ N + 4.7 x 10⁶ N
F(net) = 6.487 x 10⁶ N
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solid matter is mostly empty space. the reason solids don't fall through one another is because group of answer choices atoms are constantly vibrating, even at absolute zero. of nuclear forces. of gravitational forces. of electrical forces. none of these
The reason solids don't fall through one another is because Electrical forces.
What are electrical force?
Electric force is the attractive or repulsive interaction at all between the two charged bodies. Similar to any force, Newton's laws of motion describe how it affects the target body and how it does so. One of the many forces that affect objects is the electric force.
To analyse the motion caused by that kind of force as well as combination of forces, Newton's laws are applicable. The analysis starts with the creation of a free body image, where the vector represents the individual forces' types and directions in order to calculate their sum, known as the net force, which can be used to calculate the body's acceleration.
Hence the answer is electrical forces.
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An object is acted upon by two forces 100N and 80N. Calculate the resultant of two axis, if they are acting at angle of 120° too each other.
Answer:
Below
Explanation:
Here is one possibility:
Vertical components added together = 80 sin 120 + 0 = 69.28
Horizontal components = 80 cos 12 0 + 100 = 60 N
Resultant magnitude = sqrt ( 69.28^2 + 60^2) = 91.65 N
Angle = arctan (69.28/60)=49.1°
A ball thrown vertically into the air with an initial velocity U; what is the greatest height reached?
The highest height attained is 2gu.
At the highest point, what is the beginning velocity?The vertical velocity is 0 at its highest point. Once more increasing in magnitude as the item descends back toward Earth, the vertical velocity now faces away from the initial vertical velocity.
When a ball is tossed vertically up and allowed to fall in free fall, what is the vertical velocity at the top of the path?0 m/s. Any projectile at its highest point has an instantaneous speed of zero. The time to reach maximum height is equal to the time to arrive at the destination since gravity accelerates the ball by the same amount whether it is moving up or down.
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what methods did the german government take to encourage the expansion of solar power?
Feed-in tariffs methods was used by german government to encourage the expansion of solar power.
A feed-in tariff is an energy policy focused on supporting the development and dissemination of renewable power generation. In a feed-in tariff scheme, providers of energy from renewable sources, such as solar, wind or water, receive a price for what they produce based on the generation costs.
This process usually involve long-term contracts, from 15 to 20 years. Mostly energy is focused to be used from renewable resources. As we know that renewable sources are good for environment and there is no limited resources to this.
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50pts!
The average density of an object is 0.46 kg/m3. Which of these images is correct after the object is placed in olive oil with a density of 0.92 kg/m3?
Will the cube sink?
Will the cube float?
Will the cube be suspended?
I have no clue, but maybe you do
The cube will float.
What is Archimedes' principle?The upward buoyant force that is applied to a body submerged in a fluid, whether wholly or partially, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid, according to Archimedes' principle.
Given parameters:
The average density of an object is 0.46 kg/m³.
The density of olive is oil 0.92 kg/m³.
As The average density of an object < density of olive oil; the liquid displaced by the object has more weight than the weight of the object.
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A ball hits a bat with a velocity of 30 m/s and leaves the bat travelling with a velocity of 20 m/s in the opposite direction m. The ball is in contact with the bat for 0.10 s. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the ball whilst it is in contact with the bat?
Answer:
100 m/s^{2}
Explanation:
the given information we have is:
vi = 30m/s
vf = 20m/s
t = 0.10s
we need to find a so we will use the following kinematics equation
[tex]vf=vi+at[/tex]
we can rearrange the equation so it will give us our desired answer like so:
[tex]a = \frac{vf-vi}{t}[/tex]
now we can plug in our given numbers
[tex]a = \frac{20 m/s - 30 m/s}{0.10s}[/tex]
which will equal
[tex]100 m/s^{2}[/tex]
A 10.0 g rifle bullet is fired with a speed of 380 m/s into a ballistic pendulum with mass 10.0 kg, suspended from a cord 70.0 cm long. Part A Compute the initial kinetic energy of the bullet. Express your answer in joules. Part B Compute the kinetic energy of the bullet and pendulum immediately after the bullet becomes embedded in the pendulum. Express your answer in joules. Part C Compute the vertical height through which the pendulum rises. Express your answer in centimeters.
A) The initial kinetic energy of the bullet is 722J
B) Kinetic energy of the bullet and pendulum immediately after the bullet becomes embedded in the pendulum 0.68J
C) The vertical height through which the pendulum rises 0.69cm
The following data-
Mass of the bullet - 10.0g
speed - 380m/s
mass of the pendulum - 10.0kg
length of cord - 70.0cm
To find the initial kinetic energy of the bullet -
KE=1/2mv^2
KE = 1/2 x 0.010 x 380^2
KE= 722J
initial kinetic energy = 722 J
To find the Kinetic energy of the bullet and pendulum immediately after the bullet becomes embedded in the pendulum, we need to first find the final velocity and vertical height through which pendulum rises-
we will find final velocity by applying the law of conservation of momentum
We know, Momentum of bullet is equal to the sum of the momentum of bullet and pendulum.
MbVb= (Mb+Mp)V
where,
Mb= mass of bullet
Mp = mass of pendulum
Vb = velocity of bullet
V = Final velocity
0.010 x 380 = ( 0.010 + 10)V
3.8 = 10.01V
V = 3.8/10.01
v = 0.37m/s
The final velocity = 0.37m/s
now, to find the vertical height
height = V^2/2g
= 0.37^2/2 x 9.8
= 0.136/19.6
= 0.00693m
converting to cm
0.00693 x 100 = 0.69 cm
To find the kinetic energy of the bullet and pendulum immediately after the bullet becomes embedded in the pendulum -
KE = 1/2 (Mb + Mp)V^2
KE = 1/2 ( 0.010 + 10) x 0.37 ^2
KE = 1/2 ( 10.01) x 0.1369
KE = 0.68J
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two blocks are sliding on a frictionless surface. eventually, the smaller block catches up with the larger one, collides with it, and sticks. what is the speed of the two blocks after the collision?
When two blocks are sliding on a frictionless surface ,Then speed of the two blocks after the collision is 2V.
What is a frictionless surface?A Frictionless surface refers to that kind of surface where the force acting on any object which makes it difficult for the object to slide is almost zero or negligible,
As per the given data
The mass of smaller box= m and velocity =v
And the mass of larger box =M and velocity =V
So the momentum ps=mv and pL= MV
And combined mass of both the boxes will be M+m
Hence the combined velocity after collision = Momentum of combination/Mass of combination
V=MV+mv/M+m
Then V =V+v
V=2V
Hence, When t wo blocks are sliding on a frictionless surface ,Then speed of the two blocks after the collision is 2V.
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when an object is in free fall we disregard the effect that air resistance would have in slowing down the object. so if a 10 kg object is in free fall and allowed to fall for 20 s, what will be the final velocity at the end of this time? remember: v i
The final velocity at the end of this time will be 200 [tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
When any object is in free fall, then
The value of acceleration = g [tex]m/s^{2}[/tex] = 10 [tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
The initial velocity (u) = 0 m/s
Let the final velocity (v) = v m/s
The mass of the object (m) = 10 kg
Time taken to reach the ground = 20 s
We will calculate the height (s) from which the object falls,
We employ the 2nd equation of motion since the object is under constant acceleration,
We have,
[tex]s = ut +\frac{1}{2} at^{2}[/tex]
Putting the values in the equation, we get
[tex]s = 0 +\frac{1}{2} *10 *20^{2} \\\\s = 2000[/tex]
Thus, the height is 2000 m
Now, we apply the third equation of motion,
[tex]v^{2} -u^{2} = 2as[/tex]
Putting all the values, we get,
[tex]v^{2} -0^{2} = 2*10*2000\\\\v^{2} = 40000\\\\v = 200[/tex]
Hence, the final velocity at the end of this time will be 200 [tex]m/s^{2}[/tex]
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an object is placed in a fluid and then released. assume that the object either floats to the surface (settling so that the object is partly above and partly below the fluid surface) or sinks to the bottom. (note that for parts a through d, you should assume that the object has settled in equilibrium.)
The correct Option is Always true.
According to Archimedes' principle when an object is immersed in a liquid, and it is either partially or wholly submerged, the upward force that acts on the object, is known as buoyancy force and it is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object.
So, the buoyancy force is always present whenever an object is placed in a liquid. Archimedes' principle proves that The magnitude of buoyancy force is always equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
Hence the correct option is Always.
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The complete Question is :
An object is placed in a fluid and then released. Assume that the object either floats to the surface (settling so that the object is partly above and partly below the fluid surface) or sinks to the bottom. (Note that, for Parts A through D, you should assume that the object has settled in equilibrium.)
A.Consider the following statement: The magnitude of the buoyancy force is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the object.
Under what circumstances is this statement true?
A. always
B. only for an object that floats
C. only for an object that sinks
D. never
Your friend says that for a moving object to continue moving, a force must be continually applied to it. Do you agree with your friend? Explain your answer. Answer in complete sentences.
Answer:
I would disagree with my friend because that according to Newton's first law, an object in motion will continue to be in motion until stopped by another object/force. If the object is already moving, it will stay in motion until something else stops it. There is no need for a force to be continually applied to it while it's already moving.
Question 1 Review
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A projectile is launched horizontally from a height of 65 meters with an initial horizontal speed of 35 meters per second. What is the projectile's horizontal
speed after it has fallen 25 meters? [Neglect friction.]
Answer: 35 m/s
Explanation: Gravitational acceleration only affects the vertical component of motion meaning the horizontal component never changes. This means 35 m/s is the correct answer.
A projectile is fired horizontally at an initial horizontal speed of 35 meters per second from a height of 65 meters, after falling 25 meters, the projectile's horizontal speed is 35 m/s.
What is speed?
The distance traveled in relation to the time it took to travel that distance is how speed is defined. Since speed simply has a direction and no magnitude, it is a scalar number.
Speed is calculated using the formula s=d/t, where s is the speed in m.s⁻¹, d is the distance in m, and t is the time in s.
Variable speed is when an object travels a different distance at the same time intervals, whereas uniform speed is when an item travels the same distance at the same time intervals.
Therefore, after falling 25 meters, the projectile's horizontal speed is 35 m/s.
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How does the angle at which a ray of light strikes a pane of window glass compare with the angle at which it passes out the other side?.
The angle at which a ray of light strikes a pane of window glass is smaller than the angle at which it passes out the other side.
When light go through window glass it will experience refraction due to change of light speed. The relation between angle of incidence and angle of refraction is given by the Snell's law:
n₁ sin∅₁ = n₂ sin∅₂
Where:
n₁ = incident index (refractive index of medium 1)
n₂ = refraction index ((refractive index of medium 2)
∅₁ = incident angle
∅₂ = refraction angle
Typical refractive index for glass is around 1.5 while refractive index for air is 1.000273.
In the given case, the ray of light is from the window glass and pass out the other side. Hence,
n₂ = air
n₁ = glass
Since n₁ > n₂ , the velocity in the air is greater than the velocity in the window glass. Hence, ∅₁ < ∅₂ or the incident angle is smaller than the refracted angle.
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which term symbol(s) describes the term-labeled atomic state(s) that might possibly split in to the greatest number of energetically distinct sub-states under the influence of an appropriate external magnetic field and what is the degeneracy of that particular atomic state(s)?
L=1 is the only combination possible because l1=0 and l2=1. S=1,0 is one of the possible combinations of S. This indicates that M = 3 or M = 1. Term symbols will take the 1P and 3P forms.
A specific electronic state of an atom (often one with many electrons) is designated by an atomic term symbol in electronic spectroscopy by providing the quantum numbers for the angular momenta of that atom. An atomic term symbol's shape suggests Russell-Saunders coupling. When rotated about the internuclear axis, a sigma antibonding orbital in the * orbital family likewise keeps the same phase. S is the total sum of the spin vectors of all the electrons. Although subtle, the distinction between S and Ms is crucial for comprehending multiplicity.
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