what happens during crossing over? during synapsis? how are chiasmata involved in these processes? quiletr
Chromosomes in the cell form tetrads as a result of synapsis. Chiasmata form when they are in tetrads, and when they cross over, genetic material is exchanged between the ends of the chromosomes.
What is synapsis ?The pairing of two chromosomes known as synapsis takes place during meiosis. Prior to their segregation, it enables homologous pair matching and potential chromosomal crossover. Synapsis happens during meiotic prophase I.
During meiosis, a process known as synapsis takes place in which homologous chromosomes pair with their counterparts and remain connected as a result of the exchange of genetic material. Homologous chromosomes are paired during meiosis and then separated to lessen the amount of genetic material in the resulting gamete cells.
In humans, synapsis primarily serves to arrange homologous chromosomes so that they can divide properly and to ensure genetic diversity in progeny. In some creatures, bivalents appear to be stabilised during crossing-over during synapsis.
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Which component of the plasma membrane is involved in defending a cell against
invading microorganisms?
a) Membrane proteins
Ob) Cholesterol molecules
c) Membrane proteins working with cholesterol molecules
d) Phospholipids
The component of the plasma membrane involved in defending a cell against invading microorganisms is the c) membrane proteins working with cholesterol molecules.
Membrane proteins work with cholesterol molecules to form a barrier that prevents microorganisms from entering the cell. The function of membrane proteins in invading microorganisms is to allow the microorganism to attach to and invade the host cell.
Membrane proteins are found on the surface of the microorganism and interact with receptors on the host cell surface. This interaction allows the microorganism to attach to the host cell and then invade it.
Membrane proteins play a vital role in invading microorganisms by providing a mechanism for the organisms to attach to and penetrate the plasma membrane. Additionally, membrane proteins may also be involved in signal transduction, which can help the microorganisms to proliferate and cause disease.
Hence, the correct option is c)
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Over a long period of time, helpful variations in a species replace the unfavorable ones. This change can lead to.
Over a long period of time, helpful variations in a species replace the unfavorable ones. This change can lead to evolution.
Variations are the differences of characteristics between two species or two populations. These variations can arise due to several reasons like: mutations, gene flow, sexual reproduction and even environmental influence.
Evolution is the long-term phenomenon where heritable changes occur in organisms over successive generations. Evolution is not an individual phenomenon instead it is a population phenomenon where the changes can be seen in a group of individuals. Variations are the stepping stone for evolution. The progenies of the population also exhibit the evolution.
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rest and motion are relative terms give reasons
What is the sequence of the protein made from this prokaryotic nucleic acid sequence?.
N-Met-Asn-Ser-C sequence of the protein made from this prokaryotic nucleic acid sequence.
Identify the upstream promoter element (TATAAT). The gene's start will be 30 bases downstream. Determine the mRNA message first.
Protein Synthesis-Transcription and translation are the two steps that make up protein synthesis. Transcription takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. DNA serves as a template for the production of a messenger RNA molecule during transcription (mRNA).
After leaving the nucleus, the mRNA molecule travels to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation takes place. The genetic code contained in the mRNA is read during translation and utilized to create a polypeptide. The core dogma of molecular biology, DNA RNA Protein, sums together these two processes.
Protein synthesis, which involves the two steps of transcription and translation, takes place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes. During transcription, RNA polymerase converts operons, a type of DNA segment, to mRNA in the cytoplasm.
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which letter indicates the structure where cranial nerve fibers from the retina cross to the opposite side of the brain?
B is the letter that shows the shape wherein cranial nerve fibers from the retina pass to the alternative side of the brain.
The fibers in cranial nerves have four different purposeful kinds somatic afferent, visceral afferent, efferent visceral, and somatic efferent. these are the “well-known” useful sorts however, a few nerves have “unique” ingredients.
The cranial nerves offer afferent and efferent (sensory, motor, and autonomic) innervation to the systems of the head and neck. Cranial nerves will have sensory features, motor capabilities, or both. For example, cranial nerves help us make facial expressions, pass our eyes, and procedure smells. Spinal nerves we've 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching out of your spinal wire. those nerves can offer sensory function, motor characteristics, or both.
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Which of the following eats only eucalyptus leaves?
Answer:
Koalas can eat them, but I'm not really sure what the options are when you say the following
Explanation:
the egg of a wasanabina beetle has 5 chromosomes. how many chromosomes are in a somatic cell of a wasanabina beetle?
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in somatic cells; one member of every pair is paternal (from the daddy) and one maternal (from the mom). There are 22 matched pairs of autosomal chromosomes, plus one pair of intercourse chromosomes.
Turner syndrome (also known as monosomy X) is a condition because of monosomy. ladies with Turner syndrome typically have the best replica of the X chromosome in every cell, for a total of forty-five chromosomes per cellular. not often, some cells end up with whole extra units of chromosomes.
Definitions of the somatic chromosome. any chromosome that isn't a sex chromosome; appears in pairs in body cells however as single chromosomes in spermatozoa. synonyms: autosome. form of: chromosome. a threadlike strand of DNA within the mobile nucleus that incorporates the genes in a linear order.
Inside the human genome lie about 20,000 genes that encode proteins, the molecules that sincerely construct human cells and our bodies, plus many other DNA factors that control while, in which, and what sort of every gene is expressed (Ezkurdia et al., 2014).
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Earth has several nutrient cycles that share similarities, but also differ. Connect each feature of a cycle that relates to the phosphorus, nitrogen, or carbon cycle. You may use cycles, and the features of the cycles, more than one time each.
Cycle
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Carbon
Feature of Cycle
Excess present in fertilizers can upset the balance of the cycle
Mostly in a form unusable by organisms
Present in soil and organisms
Involved in respiration
Fixed by bacteria from the atmosphere
Often deposited on the ocean floor
Excess present in the atmosphere can upset the balance of the cycle
Excess present in fertilizers can upset the balance of the cycle---- Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles.
Mostly in a form unusable by organisms--- nitrogen
Present in soil and organisms ---- carbon and nitrogen
Involved in respiration---- carbon
Fixed by bacteria from the atmosphere----- nitrogen
Often deposited on the ocean floor--- phosphorus
Excess present in the atmosphere can upset the balance of the cycle--- carbon.
How are the phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon cycles interconnected?Every living organism is made up of atoms of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nitrogen and carbon are present in amino acids which are responsible for making proteins. Phosphates form DNA and ATP molecules. The availability of these elements has great importance to the existence of living things.
Nitrogen Cycle is a process in which nitrogen is converted into other forms that are passing from the atmosphere to the soil, then to organisms, and back into the atmosphere. It has several processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification, etc.
The carbon Cycle is a process of circulation of carbon through biotic and abiotic parts of the ecosystem. It is a type of gaseous cycle. Phosphorus Cycle is a process of circulation of phosphorus through biotic and abiotic parts of the ecosystem. It is considered a sedimentary cycle.
So we can conclude that the phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon cycles are interconnected to each other because they are important for the survival of the organism.
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are proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment. answer biofilm exotoxins endotoxins bioremediation
Exotoxins are proteins that bacterial cells secrete into their environment.
In the field of biology, exotoxins can be described as types of toxins that are produced by bacteria and secreted into the external environment. These exotoxins can be harmful to the host in which the bacteria resides and may cause a number of diseases and infections in the host.
Exotoxins are protein compounds that are harmful to the body of the host organism and might alter the normal functioning of the host body mechanisms,
In humans, exotoxins can produce a variety of malfunctions such as inhibition of normal proteins or inflammation of the parts where the bacteria reside.
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The most likely explanation for this inheritance pattern is that the secretor trait is.
An individual who secretes their blood type antigens into bodily fluids like saliva is referred to as a secretor. A non secretor, in contrast, does not. Blood type has no bearing on a person's secretor or nonsecretor status.
What is secretor?Blood group refers to inherited antigens that are recognized by certain antibodies on the surface of red blood cells. Blood group substances are used in medico-legal examinations because once the human body determines a blood group, it stays that way for the duration of life. The ABO system is made up of serum antibodies that are matched to antigens on the outside of red blood cells.
The antigens that are present in their blood will also be present in other body fluids, such as saliva, among those who make up a sizable fraction of the population. The secretor system's molecular foundation is dominated by two possibilities.
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which of these options correctly characterizes life history traits of an organism with high fecundity and low survivorship? (no partial credit.) select all that apply: which of these options correctly characterizes life history traits of an organism with high fecundity and low survivorship? (no partial credit.) numerous offspring relatively few offspring small offspring large offspring offspring with late maturity offspring with early maturity offspring with low disease resistance offspring with high disease resistance
Numerous, small offspring with early maturity characterizes life history traits of an organism with high fecundity and low survivorship.
What do you mean by offspring?A trait is a quality that a child inherits from both of their parents, such as a particular color or size. One gene from each parent makes up the pair of genes that regulate a trait. These gene pairings are represented by two letters put together.
For instance, we would write the offspring's eye color trait as Cc if one parent contributes a gene for blue eyes (c) while the other parent contributes a gene for brown eyes (C). A genotype is a combination of the two genes responsible for a trait.
One type of the trait is represented by each letter in a pair of genes. The variations are known as alleles. The alleles in this instance are for brown eyes and blue eyes.
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This is for biology 1 progress learning assignment and i know all of the miterial but i cant figure this out. pls help
Answer:
Explanation:
hope this helps
43. An increase in the blood's level of a thyroid
gland hormone decreases the release of thyroid-
stimulating hormone. This mechanism illustrates
(1) negative feedback
(2) enzyme action
(3) immune response
(4) positive feedback
The mechanism illustrates negative feedback.
What is hormone regulation?
Hormones are crucial for maintaining homeostasis because they regulate numerous cellular processes. What, however, regulates the hormones themselves?The majority of hormones are controlled by feedback systems. A loop in which a product feeds back to regulate its own production is referred to as a feedback mechanism. Negative feedback loops are a common component of hormone feedback mechanisms. A hormone's concentration is maintained within a specific range by negative feedback.What is negative feedback?
When a product feeds back to reduce its own output, this is known as negative feedback. When things start to go too severe, this kind of feedback helps bring them back to normal. A notable example of this kind of regulation is the thyroid gland. A negative feedback loop controls the thyroid gland. In addition to the thyroid, the hypothalamus and pituitary are also part of the loopTRH, or thyrotropin-releasing hormone, is secreted by the hypothalamus. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH, is produced by the pituitary gland in response to TRH. The thyroid gland is then stimulated by TSH to release its hormones. When thyroid hormone levels are high enough, the pituitary and hypothalamus are prevented from secreting TSH and TRH, respectively. Without the stimulation of TSH, the thyroid gland stops secreting its hormones. Soon, the level of thyroid hormone starts to fall too low.Thus, thyroid hormone works in a negative feedback mechanism.
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one indirect impact of fishing that has been observed is a shift in fishing focus from large apex predators to species at lower trophic levels. this phenomenon is called .
Species that are trophically lower The name of this phenomenon is. fishing in the food chain.
What are some uses for phenomenon?Phenomenon began life as a scientific term, just like many words having Greek origins. Whether an event or fact was astounding or not, scientists used it—and still do—to characterize it. A phenomenon would be an earthquake because you have seen it (and hear it and feel it).
What's the best way to describe a phenomenon?An observable event is called a phenomenon (PL: phenomena). Kant, who contrasted the phrase with the noumenon, that is not immediately perceived, gave it the philosophical meaning it has today.
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According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, what mechanism causes the movement of phloem sap from sources to sink tissues?.
According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, mechanism that causes the movement of phloem sap from sources to sink tissues is : water and sucrose go up the stem when they are present in the phloem.
What exactly is pressure-flow theory?According to Ernst Münch's pressure flow hypothesis, the transport of sugars and other solutes through the phloem is driven by pressure differentials that are produced as a result of osmosis.
According to the pressure flow hypothesis, water with food molecules moves under pressure in the phloem. The pressure is caused by the differential in water concentration between the phloem solution and the neighboring xylem conduits of pure water.
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which of the following is false about the velocity of an enzymatic reaction (v)? v is at minimum value at the beginning of the enzymatic reaction. v is at maximum value when the active sites of the enzyme are free. v can quite often reach a plateau under certain enzymatic reaction conditions. v is a value that denotes the speed of enzymatic reactions.
The false statement about velocity (v) of enzymatic reaction is: v is at maximum value when the active sites of the enzyme are free.
Active sites are the hollow regions in the enzymes that are regions for the substrate to fit in. The binding of substrates into these active sites are responsible for the chemical reaction to take place. The active site contain amino acid residues that actually form the bonds with the substrate.
Enzymes are the proteinaceous compounds that increase the rate of reaction. These are the biological catalysts that enhance the speed at which reaction occurs. This is done by reducing the activation energy of the reaction.
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Lipid-soluble hormones can diffuse into any cell. What allows lipid-soluble hormones to exert a specific effect, only for targeted cells?.
In order to contact a signal sequence in the cell's cytoplasm (lipid-soluble hormones) or to bind a receptor sites protein in the goal cell's cell membrane, hormones either diffuse through the outer membrane.
What do hormones do?The molecular messengers of the body, hormones communicate with tissues and the bloodstream. Hormones affect a variety of bodily functions, including development and development, metabolism—the process through which your body converts food into energy—sexual function, fertility, and mood.
What do hormones mean?Hormonal substances serve as messengers molecules in the body. They are produced in one body part and then transported to others, where they help control how tissues and cells operate. For example, the hormone insulin is produced by pancreatic beta cells.
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methods of detecting cellular molecules match the following technique with the type of cellular molecule it can be used to analyze. 1. northern blot (DNA, Antibodies, RNA, probes, Protein) 2. western blot (DNA, Antibodies, RNA, probes, Protein)
The Northern blot technique uses DNA, antibody, RNA, probes, and proteins to identify biological molecules.
A Northern blot reveals what?RNA molecules can be identified and measured via northern blot analysis. Northern blot analysis, in contrast to techniques like reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) or RNase protective assay, may identify RNA molecules by their size.
What is the Northern blotting principle?The fundamental idea behind Northern blotting is the separation of RNA into different sizes, which is then detected on a membranes using a hybridized probe with a template strand complementary to all or a portion of the sequences of the target mRNA. RNA, DNA, or oligodeoxynucleotide probes that are radioactively or non-radioactively tagged can be used to examine Northern blots.
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which of these is true of recessive alleles in a complete dominance pattern of inheritance?
a. They can affect the phenotype even if there is only one present.
b. They are only expressed when homozygous in an individual
c. They have a lower probability of being passed on to the next generation.
d. They are rare. In select answer one gene typically select answer the activity of another gene.
Answer:
b. They are only expressed when homozygous in an individual.
Garrod hypothesized that inherited diseases such as alkaptonuria, the inability to metabolize the chemical alkapton, occur because.
Garrod hypothesized that inherited diseases such as alkaptonuria, the inability to metabolize the chemical alkapton, occur because the effected individuals have genetic defects that cause them to lack certain enzymes.
Alkaptonuria is the genetic disease where the body is unable to breakdown the proteins tyrosine and phenylalanine efficiently. This causes the buildup of homogentisic acid that leaves the body through urine. The urine therefore becomes black in color.
Enzymes are the biological catalysts that are proteinaceous in nature. They are responsible for the enhancement of rate of reaction of the various chemical reactions. As a result the reactions take place at a very fast pace.
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Using operant conditioning, b. f. skinner showed that animals could be trained to perform complex tasks. please select the best answer from the choices provided t f
Skinner shown that operant conditioning could be used to train even rats to carry out difficult tasks. Conversely, classical conditioning only trains a person to link two stimuli.
How do animals employ operant conditioning?The foundation of animal training is operant conditioning. An animal learns (or is conditioned) through its behaviours as it acts (operates) on the environment in this sort of learning. According to operant conditioning, the subsequent consequences might either raise or decrease the chance of a behaviour.
What is Skinner's learning theory?According to Skinner's theory of learning, a stimulus is first presented to a subject, which prompts a response. The reaction is then strengthened. This is what affects our behavior.
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a particular triplet of bases in the template strand of dna is 5'-aaa-3'. the anticodon on the trna that binds the mrna codon is ________.
Answer:87/09
Explanation:because
two genes, a and b, are linked. an individual of genotype a b / a b is crossed to one that is a b / a b. the f1 is selfed and an f2 is obtained. which of the following ratios most likely represents the phenotypic ratio observed in this f2? a. 1:1:1:1 b. 1:4:4:1 c. 9:3:3:1 d. 51:24:24:1 e. 66:9:9:16
The phenotype of the cross is:
Aa:Ab:Ba:ab:Bb
1 : 4 : 4 : 4 : 1
Genotype is the genetic makeup or constitution of an organism
Phenotype is the physical representation of the genetic makeup of an organism genotype.
Individual has Genotype: A b/A b
The plant is then crossed with one that is also a B/a B to obtain f1
A b
a Aa ab
B Ba Bb
The f1 generation that is obtained by performing the dihybrid cross as stated above is:
Aa:ab:Ba:Bb
Selfing the f1 generation to obtain f2
Aa ab Ba Bb
Aa AaAa Aaab AaBa AaBb
ab aAba aabb aBba aBbb
Ba BAaa Baab BBaa BBab
Bb BAba Babb BBba BBbb
The capital letters are used to depict the dominant gene while the smaller letters represent the recessive gene.
The phenotype consists of the representation of the dominant gene over the recressive gene.
Thus phenotype of the above cross is:
Aa:Ab:Ba:ab:Bb
1 : 4 : 4 : 4 : 1
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How would the pH of a strong base (pH 14) change with the addition of a buffered acid (pH 5)?
A. The base's pH would be lower.
B. The base's pH would be higher.
C. The base's pH would become neutral.
D. The base's pH would remain the same.
With the addition of a buffered acid (pH 5) to a strong base (pH 14), the pH of the base will decrease. So the correct option is A. The base's pH would be lower.
Why will the pH of the base drop?By adding a buffered acid to a strong base that is completely basic, protons will be added to the system, which will lower the alkalinity of the system, thus making it more acidic.
Therefore, we can confirm that with the addition of a buffered acid (pH 5) to a strong base (pH 14), the pH of the base will decrease. So the correct option is A. The base's pH would be lower.
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What is the advantage of the branching design of the bronchioles on our lungs into 700 million alveoli?
Answer:
More surface area for oxygen to be absorbed into the blood
Explanation:
human activities that directly threaten coral reefs include ______.
a. increased land runoff of sediments, as a result of development and deforestation
b. trampling by careless sport divers
c. the release of human and animal waste into coastal waters
d. dragging boat anchors
Answer:
The would be A.
Explanation:
its beacause a. is the only reasonable answer cause if it was d. it would just it something else meanwhile with c it a sea creature poison and b is gonna be anything else and pls brainliest me if im right
after an individual plant has received a heat shock, it may then have an increased ability (above baseline) to withstand further drought because of the expression of specific proteins that enable more efficient use of water. true or false: this observation is an example of adaptation.
This is an important finding because the dominant theory for WUE is predicated on rising plant productivity.
What is the straightforward meaning of protein?A structure composed of amino acids. The body need proteins to function properly. They serve as the building blocks for several bodily components, including the skin, hair, and enzymes, cytokines, & antibodies.
What use do proteins serve?The body uses protein for a variety of purposes. It promotes metabolic reactions, supports tissue growth and repair, and synchronizes biological processes. Proteins give your body a structural foundation while also ensuring optimal pH & fluid balance.
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Which gene would you most likely suspect is not regulated at the posttranscriptional level?.
A gene that shows a strong positive correlation between the amount of mRNA produced and the amount of protein produced is not regulated at the posttranscriptional level
What is a gene ?The term "gene" has numerous interpretations in biology. A fundamental component of heredity is the Mendelian gene, and a molecular gene is a DNA sequence of nucleotides that is translated into functional RNA. Molecular genes can be divided into two categories: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes.
Gene expression is specifically regulated at two levels. The first method of controlling transcription is by regulating the quantity of mRNA that can be generated from a given gene. The second level of control involves post-transcriptional processes that manage how mRNA is translated into proteins.Learn more about Gene here:
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When you consume more energy than burned, the excess energy is stored for later use. A small amount is stored as glycogen, but most is stored as triglycerides in what tissue?.
Extra calories are converted into glucose and triglycerides after meals. While carbohydrates can be maintained as glycogen predominantly in muscle fibres or the liver, fat is mostly stored as triglyceride in adipose tissue.
What does a body's tissue refer to?Cartilage, epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, and nerve tissue are the four fundamental forms of tissue. A coating is provided by epithelial tissue (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body).
Tissue biology: What is it?In biology, a tissue is described as a collection of cells that have a same structure and serve a single purpose. French is where the word "tissue," which means "to weave," comes from.
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